What is it Open-Source Intelligence?

Open-Source Intelligence (also known as OSINT) is intelligence created from publicly available data and information. This is any type of online and offline data that anyone can access, without requiring security clearances or specific authorisation. The term ‘open source’ is normally associated with free data and information, however paid sources that do not require authorisation (such as paid databases) may also qualify.

An example of Open-Source Intelligence in action is an investigator gathering intelligence on the whereabouts of a subject of interest through social media sites and open forums. Another might be gathering information on company stakeholders using websites, newspapers, and research papers.

An example of Open-Source Intelligence in action is an investigator gathering intelligence on the whereabouts of a subject of interest through social media sites and open forums. Another might be gathering information on company stakeholders using websites, newspapers, and research papers.

What are Open Sources?

There are many types of open sources and finding suitable ones for the task at hand is half the battle. They can broadly be categorised into online and offline sources:

Online open sources might include:

• Social Media sites such as Facebook or LinkedIn
• Forums
• Websites and blogs
• Online photo galleries
• Online directories such as Yellow Pages
• Mapping software

Offline open sources might include:

• Newspapers and magazines
• Library archives
• Printed telephone directories
• Local business/organisation circulations
• Non-fiction and history books

What are the restrictions around Open-Source Intelligence?

Open-Source data can usually be gathered without restriction; however, challenges may arise when dealing with data or information on individuals.

For example, Facebook profiles are often seen as ‘open-source’, but if you want to use personal accounts as a source of information, you may need a Directed Surveillance Application. Investigators should always consult their legal teams for guidance, and always keep in mind Article 8 of the ECHR.

The Pros and Cons of Open-Source Intelligence

Pros:

• OSINT often requires a lower threshold for authorisation compared to other methodologies. As the information is already available to the public, the threshold for collection is lower than more intrusive methodologies.
• It is usually a low interference method. The subject of interest is unlikely to know that intelligence is being gathered on them, and the risk of collateral intrusion is low.
• It is cost effective. The information itself is free, and it usually ends up being a cost-effective intelligence gathering method. The majority of OSINT gathering is possible to be conducted online too.
• It’s available to anyone! This means anyone who is sufficiently trained to do so, can gather OSINT without requiring powers, authorisation or special equipment.
• It’s low risk. Especially compared to methodologies such as active surveillance.

Cons:

• Information overload. Due to the amount of open-source data available it’s easy for investigators to gather information that isn’t pertinent to the investigation, and sorting through all this data can become very time consuming.
• Evaluating the intelligence is difficult – you shouldn’t believe everything you read on the internet! Investigators need to keep in mind that a lot of open-source data is ‘self-reported’ – sources like social media profiles are usually written by the subject, not an impartial source.
• Investigators must be skilled in open-source intelligence gathering. To get good results, the investigator needs to understand how to use the available tools and apply a set methodology for gathering intelligence.
• OSINT is not a silver bullet, nor is it suitable for all investigations, however an investigator trained in OSINT can often bring valuable intelligence to an investigation in a cost effective, low-risk way.

Training:

PDA offers training on Open-Source Intelligence gathering and analysis. The training is suitable for all levels, and takes students through all the stages of planning, gathering, analysing, and reporting on Open Sources. Whilst the course is geared towards counter fraud investigators, it is suitable for anyone interested in open-source intelligence gathering.

The courses run constantly online, and classroom courses are also available.
If you would like to find out more about our training, please go to:
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) Foundation